Pharmacists Role in Complementary Alternative Medicines

Drug specialists Role in Complementary Alternative Medicines Drug specialists Role in Complementary Alternative Medicines The principal area of this paper will give foundation data on the utilization of reciprocal and elective meds (CAMs) and their related dangers and advantages. Also, data on the pharmacists’ job in CAMs and administrations in their drug stores will be examined. Next, the hypothesis that potential moral clashes emerge for drug specialists between keeping the wellbeing and prosperity of customers and the network as their essential concern versus the possibility of turning a benefit will be thought of. Prior to finishing up, other significant moral issues including obligation of care, and risk will be talked about. Foundation The term CAM alludes to any mending practice that doesn’t fall under the heading of customary medication. It incorporates pharmaceutical arrangements, however diet, and customary types of social insurance including needle therapy, Chinese medication, homeopathy, etc.1 Before, individuals who sold CAMs were in some cases alluded to as quacks, or somebody who advances unsupported strategies that need logically trustworthy rational.2 CAMs were viewed as old spouses tails, and their cases excused by the clinical community.3â All the more as of late CAMs have become a conspicuous component in today’s medicinal services regimens. In 2000 as indicated by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) 52 percent of Australians were utilizing at any rate one non-recommended integral medicine.4 The Therapeutic Goods Act of 1989 adequately legitimized CAMs by permitting them to be gone into the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG) as a recorded medication. They need to meet a lesser arrangement of principles than regular meds, which is one of the significant worries of allopathic practioners.5 With the death of this demonstration, drug stores could really sell two kinds of items; meds for which there is logical evidenceâ (solution and over the counter items) and problematic prescriptions (a few CAMs) that may need efficacy.â There are numerous dangers related with utilizing CAMS including direct dangers, replacements made, nonprofessional exhortation got, and problematic indicative tests.6 now and again, CAMs have caused genuine mischief. The unfriendly impacts go from disease because of filthy needle therapy needles, changing the viability of other pharmacologically demonstrated specialists, to death from chiropractic control. Replacements represent an incredible hazard for genuine conditions. Supplanting regular medicines with CAMs can prompt numerous unfriendly impacts. For instance, rewarding melanoma with a natural balm as opposed to medical procedure, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy can have sad outcomes. A few patients, particularly those with perilous ailments, will have a go at anything to improve their side effects. Some CAM specialists exploit this and suggest medicines that are exorbitant and to the detriment of other demonstrated medicines. Doubtful tests incorporate, yet aren’t constra ined to, reflexology and electro-dermal testing.6 The risk in this kind of testing is the high probability of misdiagnosis.â Despite the enormous assemblage of proof in mainstream researchers of the poor adequacy of CAMs, there is some proof for their utilization as found in cranberry for urinary tract diseases St. John’s Wart for discouragement and an assortment of others.7 In 1993 Australians spent an expected 1 billion dollars on CAMs and by 2000 that number had ascended to 2.3 billion.8  Shockingly, just 57 percent of Australians announced or talked about the utilization of these items to their doctors.9 The potential perils laid out above and these measurements show the requirement for a drug specialists mediation. Pharmacist’s Role Drug specialists are a fundamental piece of the allopathic human services group, regularly being the main port of call for patients mentioning CAMs.10 The people group drug store is a perfect situation to convey quality, practical, and proficient administrations to the overall population. Patient’s wellbeing and access to this top notch care is of vital importance.11 Pharmacists counsel way of life decisions, suggest a fitting non-doctor prescribed medicine, or allude patient’s to a doctor to improve outcomes.12   When reacting to enquiries about CAMs drug specialists need to think about an assortment of issues. The customers’ social and social convictions and want to assume responsibility for their own treatment ought to be seen non-judgementally. Drug specialists need to keep awake to date, and know about proof to help the utilization of various items. Data about CAMs ought to be given on a proof based level so the most precise data is conveyed to the p atient. Drug specialists additionally should know about potential communications with regular items, and report unfriendly medication responses to both the Adverse Drug Reaction’s Committee and the product’s sponsor.7 Furthermore, drug specialists must remind patients that CAMs are meds and ought to be transparently talked about so potential cooperations and symptoms can be distinguished. Morals and benefit In a 2005 investigation of 484 network drug specialists in New South Wales 77% of respondents actually utilized CAMs and said that they offered CAM items available to be purchased in their drug stores. A greater part of the drug specialists trusted CAMs upgraded customers’ picture of the drug store and 87% announced they expanded client numbers and yearly sales.13 From these outcomes it is clear that a potential clash among advancing and selling CAMs and morals could emerge. Drug specialists are naturally positioned in a moral issue every day. They have double jobs as human services suppliers and agents. As human services experts they are relied upon to give a significant level of fair-minded medicinal services, while their business side is required to sell items and produce a benefit. Expert and business jobs are for the most part accepted to be in struggle with one another and jobs are customarily seen as being elite. As per Chappell et al network drug specialists are one of only a handful hardly any occupations where expert and business esteems coexist.â They found no relationship between's the worth put on business and the degree of care or â€Å"professionalism† showed by the drug specialists. This recommends drug specialists can act dually as a sales rep yet at the same time convey proficient information.14 The level of polished skill has been raised doubt about by Kennedy et al. They exhibited that at times drug specialists, particularly owners, now and then suggest increasingly costly items when a less expensive conventional variant is accessible, however the general result was good. All drug specialists suggested a fitting treatment for the condition yet the item chose contrasted among proprietors and worker drug specialists. Despite the fact that the patient got an elevated level of care, the way that the person in question had a less expensive alternative calls the degree of polished skill into question.â â â Additional proof for polished methodology is found in an examination by Perepelkin et al. where they discovered drug specialists, paying little heed to their possession structure, are expertly situated in their training. The distinction in administrations gave was just found as far as expert self-sufficiency, dynamic and measure of control. There was no distinction in the measure of benefit driven objectives between the groups.16 Essentially, in an ongoing report, Kronus found that drug specialists, paying little mind to their job directions (business versus proficient), were also spurred by administration and salary esteems. She recommended that the hypothetical model proposing that business depends on outward qualities and polished methodology depends on selfless qualities ought to be reconsidered when discussing drug store. She discovered unselfishness (polished skill) was the predominant factor in the field of drug store. Since most drug specialists are salaried representatives there is little strain to build benefit by pushing CAMs with no supporting proof. It would be extremely simple to hop to the end that the need to make a benefit would somehow or another negatively affect drug store proprietors or utilized drug specialists (reward frameworks) to go about as free moral human services suppliers when CAMs are seen as colossal benefit generators.17 Wingfield et al recommend that ‘ethics is so coor dinated and natural for day by day practice that there is no compelling reason to single moral issues for unique attention,’ as exhibited by an absence of a diary devoted to drug store morals (there are moral diaries for medication and nursing). Or maybe the moral conduct of the drug specialist is shown in all parts of day by day work on separating the drive for profits.18 In Australia the conduct of drug specialists is guided by the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia’s Code of Professional Conduct (PSACPC).7 Drug specialists sell CAMs in drug stores that gives validity to CAMs and somewhat advance their usage.â Also, drug specialists are in a one of a kind situation to impact the offer of specific items. For instance, CAMs are utilized by 60 to 80% of oncology patients. As indicated by the British Columbia Cancer Society the psychosocial needs of patients including ‘increased nervousness, requirement for data, support of a feeling of expectation, a feeling of control, pessimistic involvement in ordinary medication, and saw all encompassing nature of reciprocal medicine,’ is the purpose behind the high percent of individuals utilizing the medication and not the accessibility of the item in pharmacies.19 Pharmacists don’t need to advance these items as psychosocial needs are extremely incredible and patients are clamoring for these drugs in expanding numbers. Despite the fact that the drug store is a business, business goals wouldn’t fundamentally endure, as ed ucated and legitimate patient directing assumes a significant job in consumer loyalty and along these lines benefit. An unsatisfied custome

A Vogadro essays

A Vogadro expositions A Vogadro was conceived on June 9, 1776 in Turin, Italy. He started his profession in 1796 by getting a doctorate in law and rehearsing as a legal advisor for a long time after. In 1800, he started to take private exercises in arithmetic and material science and chose to make the normal sciences his calling. He was named as a demonstrator at the Academy of Turin in1806 and the Professor of Natural Philosophy at the College of Vercelli in 1809, and in 1820, he was designated the educator of scientific material science. He was a material science educator yet he likewise tested in science utilizing arithmetic to base the majority of his discoveries. Avogadro is notable for his speculation known as Avogadro's Law. His law expresses that at a given temperature, equivalent volumes of gas contain a similar number of particles equivalent to about 6.0221367 x 10 to the 23rd power.A Mole of a substance is the amount of the substance that loads equivalent to its atomic mass. One mole of any sub stance is Equal to Avogadro's number. In this way Avogadro's law can be expressed regarding moles, specifically that equivalent volumes of gases at a similar temperature and weight contain a similar number of moles. Because of Avogadro and his number, researchers can apportion equivalent number of atoms by weighing out an equivalent number of moles. For gases this should be possible by utilizing 22.4 liters at STP(1 climate and 223 Kelvin, 0 deg. Celsius). Avogadro's number is most dependably controlled by X-beam diffraction of gems. For a long time individuals thought the number was equivalent to about 6.022045 x 10 to the 23rd force, However, in 1986 the number was reclassified as about 6.0221367 x 10 to the 23rd force. Albert Einstein's third research paper was worried about the idea of atoms. We as a whole realize that on the off chance that we drop a chunk of sugar into water it diffuses through the water, making it to some degree progressively clingy. Considering water a struc tureless liquid and the sugar particles as little hard circles, Einstein had the option to discover not just the... <!

Human Nature View Essay

Inside the western perspective on human instinct, it underscores that people are made in the picture of God. It is for the most part made inside Judeo-Christian custom. This view takes a gander at human instinct to be adoring, sane, and social to God. The manner in which the western view chooses great or underhandedness relies upon activities and decisions. Great communicates life, noble cause, joy, and love. Malice would comprise of segregation, embarrassment, damaging tendency, etc. Society would be reasonable and just to a point and impediment. The view communicates that we are largely siblings and sisters under the picture of God. That the entirety of our activities and watched and judged. Contingent upon our activities, results into a supernatural the great beyond to paradise or damnation. The western view is free and liberal to all, and exceptionally safe to society. There would be no force gathering. In the hands of the less blessed, it is trained that we should support them and consider them a similar position dismissing riches. In any case, the eastern perspective on human instinct varies. The eastern view is generally related with the Hindu and Sufi conventions. Their condition of reasoning communicates that people are trapped in a dream of contrast. They have confidence in resurrection and karma. Like the western view, they likewise have confidence in an arrangement of positive or negative decisions. In spite of the fact that, there is a distinction in convictions. In contrast to the western view, the eastern some may consider it to me increasingly agreeable and free without trusting in absurdities, while as yet having the option to partake. There is no force bunch either. Everything is searched out for will be for harmony, agreement, and equity. Based on having incapacities or being less blessed despite everything considers to be helped yet seen the equivalent concerning societal position. This view, likewise has faith in a resurrection while the western view doesn't. Practices of penance for a superior result later on is likewise polished in this view.

Sime Darby Free Essays

Page 1 of 6 Fundamental Analysis for SIME DARBY BHD Company Name: Stock Code (Bursa): Bloomberg: Industry: Sub-Sector: Company Description: Date of Analysis: Financial Year: SIME DARBY BHD Board: Main Board SIME FBMKLCI: TRUE SIME:MK Reuters: SIME. KL TRADING SERVICES OIL PALM/RUBBER AND OTH CROP PRODUCTION PLANTATION; PROP; MOTORS; INDUSTRIAL; ENERGY UTILITIES. 19-Sep-12 2011 30/6/2011 Price: 9. We will compose a custom paper test on Sime Darby or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now 79 Stock Grade: Emerging Investment Grade Profitability 10 ROI 8 ROI Liquidity 6 Efficiency 4 Risks 2 0 Potential Growth Buy Hold Returns Potential Growth 65 75 90 50 105 Buy Hold Returns 25 Liquidity 1. 80759 40. 02273 62. 4099 36. 10128 85. 8969 57. 48956 18. 75 7. 97 5. 34 6. 93 7. 22 8. 18 5. 48 7. 5 Risks Efficiency Future development drivers and Risks: http://declarations. bursamalaysia. com/edms/edmswebh. nsf/all/FF95B42CEC4045D948257A7A0062 DF67/$File/Press%20release. pdf Due-Diligence All figures in a huge number of Ringgit Malaysia aside from per share esteems and proportion Measures 2002 @ 2002/6/30 2003 @ 2003/6/30 2004 @ 2004/6/30 2005 @ 2005/6/30 2006 @ 2006/6/30 2007 @ 2007/6/30 2008 @ 2008/6/30 2009 @ 2009/6/30 2010 @ 2010/6/30 2011 @ 2011/6/30 Importane Rate Comments Productivity Increasing Sales Revenue Increasing Net Income After Tax Increasing Gross Profit Margin (Preferably ? 40%) ROI Increasing high ROE (Preferably ? 15%) Increasing ROIC (Preferably ? 15%) Increasing CROIC (Preferably ? 15%) Liquidity Increasing Net Cash from Operations Increasing Free Cash Flow/Sales (Preferably ? 5%) Increasing Quick Ratio (Preferably ? 1) Short declining Cash Conversion Cycle Efficiency Increasing Net Profit Margin (Preferably ? 10%) Increasing OCF/TA (Preferably ? 8%) 12,053 928 29. 9% 13,718 945 30. 4% 14,904 1,015 26. % 18,646 933 24. 4% 20,162 1,203 23. 6% 20,735 1,597 23. 3% 34,045 3,753 26. 2% 31,014 2,341 23. 0% 32,845 855 26. 8% 41,859 3,847 25. 7% 10. 7% 8. 0% 4. 5% 10. 2% 8. 0% 5. 2% 10. 9% 8. 0% 3. 3% 10. 0% 9. 0% 3. 6% 12. 7% 7. 0% 5. 2% 15. 8% 8. 0% 7. 1% 16. 2% 12. 0% 9. 1% 10. 7% 9. 0% - 1. 1% 3. 6% 5. 0% 6. 8% 15. 2% 13. 0% 6. 5% 647 3. 5% 1. 09 62 930 4. 3% 1. 41 66 652 2. 6% 1. 39 65 737 2. 3% 1. 12 62 1,154 3. 4% 1. 23 67 1,644 4. 8% 1. 27 65 3,936 7. 2% 1. 38 63 937 - 1. 0% 1. 00 91 3,570 5. 9% 1. 00 65 3,393 4. 9% 1. 05 65 10. 0% 5. 2% 9. 0% 6. 3% . 0% 4. 2% 7. 0% 4. 5% 8. 0% 6. 6% 10. 0% 8. 4% 15. 0% 10. 9% 10. 0% 2. 6% 5. 0% 9. 5% 13. 0% 7. 9% Risks Declining Debt/Equity Ratio (Preferably lt; 1) Operating Income Variability Sales Variability Increasing Altman Z Score (Preferably ? 2. 6) Declining Beneish Score (Preferably lt; - 2. 22) Potential Growth Increasing Sustainable Growth Rate (Preferably ? 8%) Increasing Expected EBIT Growth N/A (Preferably ? 8%) Quality of Sales Revenue Growth (Preferably ? 80%) N/A 0. 15 1,081 12,053 5. 73 0. 27 1,225 13,718 5. 50 - 2. 83 0. 28 1,389 14,904 6. 5 - 2. 90 0. 34 1,406 18,646 5. 13 - 2. 95 0. 38 1,206 20,162 5. 42 - 2. 86 0. 29 1,569 20,735 7. 13 - 3. 00 0. 22 4,339 34,045 5. 83 - 1. 99 0. 26 3,151 31,014 7. 02 - 2. 89 0. 37 2,081 32,845 5. 80 - 2. 84 0. 29 5,483 41,859 6. 38 - 2. 86 3. 5% 2. 9% 16. 4% 93. 5% 85. 8% 28. 7% 53. 4% 59. 1% 56. 9% 3. 7% 4. 1% 2008: 2002-2011: 2008: 2002-2011: 2008: 2002-2011: 2. 3% 3. 1% 77. 2% 2009: 91. 1% 52. 4% 2009: 58. 2% 76. 6% 2009: 45. 6% 6. 4% 5-Y: 4. 4% 9. 9% 7. 9% 14. 9% 74. 6% 2010: 59. 2% 2010: 14. 9% 2010: 2. 9% 19. 4% 5. 0% - 5. 0% 69. 4% 2011: 17. % 2011: 21. 6% 2011: 0. 6% 6. 6% 7. 7% 13. 6% 73. 3% 30. 0% 14. 0% 2007: 2005-2011: Quality of EBIT Growth (Preferably 2007: ? 80%) 2005-2011: Quality of Operating Cash Flow 2007: Growth (Preferably ? 80%) 2005-2011: Buy Hold Returns Shareholder Wealth Creation Full: (Preferably ? 8%) 5. 7% 10-Y: - 1. 0% 3-Y: 11. 5% Investment Strategy Position Strategy Position Lump Sum + Top Up Strategy: Buy Criteria Averaging Down Method: Dollar Cost/Value Averaging Criteria 1. The current quarter’s EPS is up over 15% from a similar quarter the prior year. . Cost is underneath Intrinsic Value 3. Current EY% or Rolling 4Q EY% ;gt; 6% 4. Current DY% or Rolling 4Q DY% ;gt; 6% 5. Stock value breaks out of union/plunge on an upswing. 6. Examination of P/B proportion (for Financial stocks just) 7. Organization proprietor, EPF, Khazanah and PNB vigorously purchasing Sell Criteria I Remarks Criteria 1. Current EY% or Rolling 4Q EY% ;lt; 6% for over 2 years 2. Current DY% or Rolling 4Q DY% ;lt; 6% for over 2 years 3. Quarterly EPS drop for 5 continuous months 4. Basic of business turns ugly or terrible 5. Discovered a superior chance to supplant this stock 6. The stock drops close to my normal expense or hit my stop misfortune 7. Long haul pattern changed from bullish to bearish 8. Organization proprietor, EPF, Khazanah and PNB vigorously selling. 9. Did I commit an error? 10. Has the stock risen excessively far from its characteristic worth? VI Remarks Discounted Cash Flows Valuation Shares Out. M. O. S. 13 Default Value Custom Value 6009. 46 11 Sustainable Growth % (for Average hazard Average Discount % Terminal % 2011 FCF Excess Cash Intangibles Intangibles% Decay Rate Extra Decay Growth (for DCF Calc. premium Risk free Assets add to DCF (Yr4E-Yr7E) (Yr8E-Yr10E) reference) rate 20% 5% 8% 5. half 3. 68% 9. 2% 2068. 66 4593. 30 86. 00 0% 8% 15% 4% 11. half 15% 20% Projection of Future Free Cash Flow 2012 Yearly Growth Future Value Discounted Perpetuity Value Present Value 2,151. 41 2013 2,237. 46 2014 2,326. 96 18,023. 58 28,024. 79 3-Y Shares Outstanding Fair Value Desired M. O. S. Purchase Under Current Price Actual M. O. S. 4. 66 3. 73 9. 79 - 110% 5-Y 6009. 46 4. 69 20% 3. 75 9. 79 - 109% 2015 2,364. 67 2016 2,445. 07 15,233. 30 28,183. 22 10-Y 4. 70 3. 76 9. 79 - 108% 2017 2,528. 1 2018 2,614. 16 2019 2,564. 07 2020 2,633. 81 2021 2,705. 45 9,780. 64 28,239. 49 Market Timing Analysis Discounted Cash Flow Valuation Fair Value Actual M. O. S. Purchase Under Selection 3-Y 4. 66 - 110% 3. 73 5-Y 4. 69 - 109% 3. 75 10-Y 4. 70 - 108% 3. 76 ? 3-Y: Fast-developing organization; works in exceptionally serious, low edge industry 5-Y: Solid organization; works with bit of leeway, for example, solid promoting channels, unmistakable brand name, or administrative favorable position 10-Y: Outstanding development organization; works with extremely high boundaries to passage, prevailing business sector position or prospects Cost to-book Ratio Valuation by Price-to-book Ratio: Current EY% or Rolling 4Q EY% ;gt; 6% CU EY%: 6. 23 R-4Q EY%: 7. 05 4. 26 60 Current DY% or Rolling 4Q DY% ;gt; 6% CU DY%: 3. 06 R-4Q DY%: 3. 58 Current Cash Return% or MRQ Cash Return% ;gt; 6% 62 CU CR%: 4% Quarterly Financial Performance MRQ CR%: 2% Increasing income Increasing net benefit Increasing EPS Jun-12’s EPS ? 15% from Jun-11 Jun-11 Sep-11 Dec-11 Mar-12 Jun-12 13,059 11,064 11,389 11,027 14,122 1,313 0. 22 1,074 0. 18 1,101 0. 18 876 0. 15 1,099 0. 18 - 16% Step by step instructions to refer to Sime Darby, Papers

How Indiana lost control of its welfare system - 1650 Words

How Indiana lost control of its welfare system (Essay Sample) Content: Name Instructor Course Date How Indiana lost control of its welfare systemPrivatizing of the states social services was created primarily to save the taxpayersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ money. The pact concerned IBM and the State of Indiana; IBM was run the management of the stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s welfare work. The deal was worth $1.3 billion and was sealed by Mitch Daniels, the governor in December 2007. The Governor promised that the privatization of the Indianaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s State welfare and the food stamp programs could reduce the taxpayerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s burden by saving $1 billion in the next decadeThe new system aimed to rectify several areas of control, the primary area of concern was to be the financial aspect, the new system sought to provide reprieve to taxpayer by reducing their workload. The arrangement expected to cut the taxpayer load by $ 1 billion in the year that was to follow. Another area it was to take charge in was the call centre section; this entailed the handling of calls from the applicants of social services issues. Lastly the handling of the workload was another area, the system was to handle approximately a third of all the stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s welfare burden and which included handling of the food stamp programs.The fresh system brought several transformations in the FSSA. The changes had an effect on the financial, structural and strategic areas of the welfare set up. Financially, the welfare was working too hard to save on finances hence ended up denying the citizens the services they required. Structural changes came when the IBM was to take over the running and management of about a third of the State welfare caseload. More to that the call centre docket was to be handled by Affiliated Computer Services (ACS) a business process outsourcing based in Dallas, the ACS was hired by IBM after the takeover to handle calls from applicants of social services. Lastly effects on the structural aspect came when individual caseworkers were done away w ith.Strategically changes that came up due to the new system were the methods of storing household records. Previously, the caseworkers stored them electronically and they could be accessed by all case workers who were located all across the state. The personal contact that existed could no longer be possible. The new system did away with the conventional system of face to face operations and introduced applications from home. However the application was to be carried out online or through the telephone.In operations control a lot of changes occurred, both IBM and ACS. According to George Thompson who used to work for a call center agent with ACS, the group did not pay its workers and for that reason its operations were hindered as the workers stopped their services to residents of Indiana. He added that ACS was just in the contract just for money and that the situation was worse because the training of the call center agents was very haphazardly done. The state of the operations o f ACS was emphasized by Angie Connaught another former employee. Angie said that the managers of the call center lacked experience.In effort to conduct screening control ACS started to hold the residents for long on phone. The screening mechanism in the fresh system was a mess. IBM in hiring of ACS to run the call center failed to screen them adequately for experience and efficiency, the result was poor service delivery. Applicantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s document with their details were misplaced and lost resulting in disastrous outcomes for some of them.IBM and ACS moved to curb the inefficiency which was being experienced by Indianaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s FSSA; however their bureaucracy in the issuance of the benefits saw the collapse of the system. They used to disallow services to their clients mentioning lack of cooperate as the reason. According to Medicaid and federal rules do not recognize failure to cooperate as a reason to dismiss claims.In reference to characteristics of effective control t he privatization failed in various aspects. Firstly, the economic feasibility was not realistic; the strategic placement was not effective while the corrective action did not improve the situation. Lastly the accuracy of the project was wrong from the planning phase (Deming, 29)State human services Chief Mitch Rob said most of the problems are not new and have long plagued the state's application process for the food stamps, Medicaid and other benefits received by 1.1 million people.Before the onset of the new system of the Indiana FSSA, a number of problems weighed down the sector. The problems were mostly experienced in the application process of the stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s food stamps, the Medicaid and the other benefits the people were supposed to have. According to Rob Mitch who was the chief of Human services in Indiana, the issues were not new and had been around for a long time (Problems noted as FSSA privatization begins, no page)One of the prevalent situations prior to the priva tization was lack of direction by the staff in regard to specific processing guidelines that were to be used by the different public assistance programs. The workers were confused and did not know what to do. (Indiana Public Benefits Eligibility System)FSSA's chief Robb also acknowledged that there existed a major staffing problem; he added that the problem was there when the caseworkers got employed by the state instead of ACS. According to him the problem was due to existence of alternative job opportunities to the caseworkers in other large cities. The problem was noted in lesser levels in the regions of Evansville, Fort Wayne, South Bend and Gary areas. Greater delays were experienced in the processing of food stamps the release of welfare payments which were referred to as "Temporary assistance for Needy Families. (The Unequal State of America, 1)According to Food and Nutrition Service, the Agency that monitors the running of the food stamp program, they said that caseloads had great variations in various counties. In the report they had examined access to customer service and the program which was conducted in 10 counties in northern Indiana counties which spanned several days. The examination had taken place in the initial transition period which began March 19.Before the era of privatization, instances of failure to follow the guidelines provided by the federal government and the state government in dealing with applications for food stamps were rife. The federal noted that the requirements set were not adhered to appropriately. These issues were said to have been taking place for over a decade and was one of the reasons tha...

Law Research Paper On Imprisonment Of Innocent People - 2750 Words

Law Research Paper On Imprisonment Of Innocent People (Research Paper Sample) Content: IMPRISONMENT OF INNOCENT PEOPLEStudents Name:Institution Affiliation:AbstractThis paper focuses on discussing the various aspects concerning erroneous convictions, which as Gould et al. (2013) stipulates, has seen innocent people being exonerated in the last three decades. The points being talked about include the central theme of the paper, the current problem being researched, and the solution to the problem. Moreover, other aspects include the opinions of critics about the problem and its solution, literature on the problem and its solution, the gaps in the literature that the solution can address, and implications of the research if successful. In conclusion, the paper determines if the aim of the paper is achieved by integrating all the information outlined in the other parts of the paper. In this regard, the body of the paper is broken down into eight sections, each of which tackles every one of the aspects mentioned above. It, therefore, is clear that the probl em and its solution are the foundations in which this paper is embedded. The problem being talked about is the imprisonment of innocent people while the solution to that involves the integration of the Judicial System (JS) and the Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) to enable Law Enforcement Officers (LEOs) to work in close collaboration with the judiciary.Keywords: Judicial System, Law Enforcement Agencies, Law Enforcement OfficersIMPRISONMENT OF INNOCENT PEOPLEIntroductionThe central subject of this paper that is the basis of this particular research is the imprisonment of innocent people. This activity is often the responsibility of the judiciary branch of any government around the globe (Canes-Wrone et al., 2012). That government branch, at times referred to as the JS, is enriched with the power and authority to translate and apply the law, arbitrate legitimate debate, and administer justice. From this description, it is clear that the JS is a system of courts, which means that the people usually involved in the same include the judges (Canes-Wrone et al., 2012), magistrates, barristers, prosecutors, and so on.Even though the JS is tasked with the roles already mentioned, those particular responsibilities would not be in existence without the LEAs and LEOs whose duties are to present people believed to have committed criminal activities to the JS. McMains and Mullins (2014) portray that the LEAs are involved with enforcing laws by managing crises and ensuring that the LEOs make arrests where necessary. Some of the LEAs within a country include federal LEA, Local LEA, and State LEA. As for the LEOs, they include the special jurisdiction police, local police, highway patrol, sheriffs, and so forth. Despite having these institutions to ensure error-free convictions, it is evident from various research that many innocent people are still being imprisoned.The Current ProblemThe theme of the paper presented above brings forth the current problem being researched, wh ich is wrongful convictions. Thompson (2012) explains that the wrongful convictions demonstrate that occasionally decisions that the JS make whereby it is stated that an individual is guilty to the point that no doubt can arise to that effect is often dead wrong. These guilty verdicts that are usually erroneous regularly rest on three sorts of focal, and frequently questionable, lay witness declaration. They include the identification testimony of the eyewitness, the testimony of a police officer concerning the confession of a defendant, and the testimony of a police informant concerning the implicating statements of a defendant.Dissimilar to the testimony of other lay witnesses, the testimony generated by the police regarding criminal situations is regularly rendered inconsistent by coercive or suggestive conducts of the police or by the motivations of the police to lie (Thompson, 2012). This fact presents itself as one of the current primary problems that lead to the issue of impr isoning innocent people. Furthermore, it is a basic component that recognizes different types of testimonial prove from this sort of confirmation. The part of the police in acquiring these statements is a vital factor in surveying the consistent quality of confessions, the testimony of informants, and the identification of the eyewitnesses. In this regard, the current problem that leads to the imprisonment of innocent people is with the part being played by the LEOs (police).The Possible SolutionThe suitable solution to the problem explained above is the integration of the two frameworks involved with arrest and imprisonment of individuals, which can be easily identified as the LEAs and the JS respectively. This integration should be accompanied by various changes to the manner in which the two frameworks being talked about undertake their exercises. For instance, when considering the LEAs, the primary change should be militarizing the domestic policing (Hall Coyne, 2013). The two authors stipulate that if changes in the technology have been critical in the development of government as a whole, it has been indispensable in the extension of the American military as well as those of other countries and the militarization of domestic policing.Enhancements in observation and data innovation are undeniably vital in the present operations of the police and military strengths both locally and abroad. Hall and Coyne (2013) explain that progresses in the innovations concerning computers have altogether diminished the expenses of the social affair about a wide range of data. Exercises such as wrongdoing mapping, assembling and getting to criminal histories, and suspect observing, which was once outlandish or could be brought out just through many hours of on location observation and other work in the fields, can presently be directed using the utilization of the web and other technical tactics. Furthermore, advancements once utilized only by the army like facial-acknow ledgment frameworks, imaging, checking of the satellite, and scanners of the retina, are currently consistently exchanged to also, used by police officers in the various nation around the world for domestic exercises (Dempsey Forst, 2013).Such developments have opened the entryway for the militarization of the domestic policing as well as encouraged the simple exchange of military abilities to domestic police strengths. Since the LEAs will always be obtaining crucial information about criminals and their activities due to these technological advancements, their integration with the JS now comes in to avoid convictions of innocent people. For illustration, all the information and data about a specific case should be presented to the JS in real time to avoid cases that take place later such as lies and exaggerations. This fact means that the JS should have a server that records the information from the LEAs about potential cases of crime that will be dealt with in the courts of law.I f a criminal activity takes place, and the police officers are at the scene collecting evidence and recording witnesses accounts, this information should be directed to the LEAs in real time using video cameras as well as voice recordings (Dempsey Forst, 2013). From the LEAs, the info should be transferred to the servers of the JS such that the judges and magistrates can review the information before and even during the court proceedings. In such a case, distortion of information and evidence would be difficult because all the parties involved will already have the first-hand information. Imprisonment of innocent people, therefore, might be significantly reduced if not alleviated altogether.Critics Opinions about the Problem and the SolutionDuring the preparation of undertaking this research as well as the time of conducting it saw various critics bring forth diverse opinions about the viewpoints of the problem and the solution already presented in this paper. Some critics lamented that the problem involving imprisonment of innocent people (Reiman Leighton, 2015) is not a key issue in the globe today since it is always rare to find a police officer being coerced or lying in a court of law. In fact, such critics believe that where there is smoke, there is a fire in that an individual accused of doing something must have had a hand in that particular criminal activity.In this regard, they say that even if the person did not perform the actual crime, he or she might have aided the individual who did, which makes him or her guilty as well. Similarly, some say that the majority of the JS, as well as the LEAs, are usually thorough in whatever they always do. For this reason, they believe that the chances of a person found guilty being innocent are very slim. They, therefore, also suggest that the theme of this paper is not a problem as such.As for the solution, the integration of the two frameworks explained above, which can be made possible due to the technologic al advancements today (Douglas et al., 2013), has as well received massive criticism. Some of the critics claim that providing the JS with a server that records all the criminal activities taking place cannot be possible. They say it will require a server with a massive amount of space to be able to record all the criminal info. Similarly, others say that this solution will increase the workload of the judges, magistrates, and other people involved with the JS. They conclude that this increase in the workload might lead to more errors during the court proceedings since the judges and magistrates will be forced to go through a broad scope of information before eventually coming up with a verdict.In the same note, other individuals believe that the solution might not work basing their argument on the fact that information and data transfer from police officers to the LEAs and then to the JS might n...

The Celebrity Lifestyle Is Not What Everyone Portrays It...

The celebrity lifestyle is not what everyone portrays it to be. 9 times out of 10 most celebrities wish they could live the average middle class life. Behind the scenes, celebrities suffer from multiple things that affect the lives of their families and themselves. The life of a celebrity can bring fame, money, and lots of attention, but has the downfall of addiction, pain, high standards, and no privacy. Lately, people have been craving the lifestyle of a celebrity because they only see the exciting component of a celebrities life. If people could put themselves in a position of a celebrity, I think most people would change their mind. The cons in a celebrities life are much bigger than people think. Addiction is a problem that many face in the world today. Many people think of addiction as food or drugs but I believe it is much bigger than that. Celebrities can become addicted to beauty, drugs, money, and unhealthy food. Addiction means there is something that comforts you from th e outside world. They face many problems and in most situations the solution becomes addiction. The most common celebrity addiction is drugs. Drug addiction has killed many celebrities throughout the past years. They run to drugs because they are overwhelmed with stress or they feel like their world is falling apart. I can relate to celebrities because I have an addiction to music. I am addicted to music because it makes me feel better no matter what my situation is. Music is my mind-alteringShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1621 Words   |  7 Pagesas a token of their past, present, and future endeavors. Each character is inevitably distinct in their relationship to the superficial representation that photographs produce. Myrtle’s infatuation with celebrities and their lifestyle leaves her gaping at the thought of living a luxurious lifestyle herself. Jordan is portrayed in her magazine photographs as a simple athlete without a care or concern in the w orld but as the novel goes on, Nick discovers that there is more depth than her photos depictRead MoreThe Nihilism Of African Americans1117 Words   |  5 Pagestheir lives. The nihilism does not depict every black person’s life because not all black people struggle. Lawlessness is described by West that laws and justice are not always seen in the black communities. (399). West notes that market morality portrays the struggle of African Americans (400). West says market morality governs the portrayal of black lives on television (399). West argues that Black America is completely engrossed with the media. The market morality and nihilism are a disease inRead MoreThe Influence of Celebrities Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesHave you ever wondered what influences us to behave the way we do? Look a certain way? 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Scott Fitzgerald825 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelops an insight into the elite lifestyles of those who reside in West Egg and later decides for himself that he soon will be lost in the hectic lives of those around him due to the strong ideas of money and pleasure being the only two things that brought excitement into the lives of the upper class as where Nick was someone who had strong morals and a purpose more than getting drunk and having affairs with women who wouldn’t matter then next morning. Fitzgerald portrays Nick Carroway (the author) asRead MoreMyth of Money and Success Essay1254 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Joshua Nooe Professor Hart RWS 200 20 October 2011 The Myth of Money and Success The American Dream is different for everyone, though it is most commonly associated with success, freedom, and happiness. The concept of the American Dream seems to have dwindled from where it was in the past few generations. It has gone from success, freedom, and happiness to having lots of money and the nicest possessions. In today’s society, we all hope and strive for this dream, but how many actuallyRead MoreCelebrities and Privacy1609 Words   |  7 PagesScope People in the public eye consists of politicians, athletes, celebrities and other individuals who are famous. For our presentation we will be concentrating on celebrities and whether they should expect their privacy to be respected by the media. Media comes in various forms, with the more common ones being newspapers, tabloids, radio, paparazzi, internet, social media and many more. A conflict of rights? Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights stated that every person

The Man Who Changed Our World - 3426 Words

THE MAN WHO CHANGED OUR WORLD When Muhammad was visited by the Archangel Gabriel in 610 C.E., this event would set in motion an idea which would grow to have a dominating affect on nearly one-third of the world s future population, affecting how they live, marry, eat, and their proclivity for war. It is very rare that a single individual would put forth an idea so foundational to the very life of the world that grew in its and his wake, and an idea whose impact would be felt in world affairs for centuries to follow. Arguably, it has happened only once before, and that was 600 years before the time of Muhammad, which is the time of the preachings of a man called Jesus Christ. Muhammad was born around 570 C.E. His father died before†¦show more content†¦Shortly after Muhammad s death, the messages given to him by the angel, which his followers accepted to be the words of God, were written down in a book called the Qur an. By the time of Muhammad s death, Islam had become the primary religion of most of the Arabian Peninsula (Gordon 16). But it s real influence, and his phenomenal legacy, was just beginning. While many believe Islam initially spread because it was forced on those who lost the many wars of conquest, others argue that the conquered people willingly accepted what they believed were the benefits of worshiping a stronger, more victorious God. Islam also spread peacefully into areas where local rulers made alliances with caliphs, the chief Muslim civil and religious rulers, who, rather than his adopted son, are regarded as the successors of Muhammad (Wilkins 22). All of Muhammad s natural sons are believed to have died in early childhood. Some followers thought his adopted son should be the natural leader of Islam upon the death of Muhammad, but that leadership was assumed by the caliphs with the strongest armies. Some might see this as an omen for this religion s famous thirst for war. 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My First Day Of School - 1577 Words

It’s the first day of school for me and my first class of 1st graders. In walks a little girl, she is wearing a beautiful blue head scarf. Her name is Berra. While talking to her parents before her first day of school, I know she is from Istanbul, Turkey. She moved to the United States when her father received a job as an architect. It was important for me to know this will be her first year in school. Children in Turkey begin to receive a free education when they 6 years old. This differs from the U.S. because children can begin school at age 5. The Turkish tradition and culture is one with great influence from the surrounding countries. It is located in Western Asia between Europe. Istanbul is located between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara. Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey with a square footage of 2,063 miles. The city holds the country’s economic, cultural and historical heart. Not every woman or girl wears a head scarf but it is up to them and their religion whether they choose to wear it or not. It is important for me to know the most I can about my students culture and her way of life so I can help set straight any common misconception my young students may have. I also want to give every one of my students the best education possible. I can only teach my children if I know who they are. I need to know what is important to each of my students and what interests them. This means doing my research on where my student is from and discoveringShow MoreRelatedMy First Day At School837 Words   |  4 Pageshard push on my side. Slowly I opened my eyes. I just see the sun’s rays creep through my windows and flash me right in my eyes. Slowly I got used to the light. I finally got up and could open my eyes fully. I hear my mom yell get up it’s your first day of school. I Got up took a shower, got dressed, ate my breakfast, and I was out the door on my way to school. 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Video Games Should Not Be Classified - 989 Words

Video games should not be classified as â€Å"bad† and if someone classifies them that way then hopefully they have some kind of different outlook after reading this. Where video games get this negative outlook is from the inglorious bastard genre of the â€Å"action† or first person shooter, when in reality, that’s one genre of 10’s if not 100’s of others that are established. Video games do in fact have beneficial attributes even though people think of them as addictive brainwashing mechanisms, and there are means to make video games a learning technique. Six experts on video games collaborated, and this is what they had to say. Daphne Bavelier and Shawn Green stated how video games have beneficial factors to them. They focused their attention on the action genre by saying that, Indeed, playing this type of game results in a wide range of behavioral benefits, including enhancements in low-level vision, visual attention, speed of processing and statistical inference, among others (Bavelier, Green, 2011). Action games deliver high intensity, faced paced decision making and processing; and with this exposure, players begin to harness their skills to judge situations quickly and act upon them. Each game differs from one another even in the same genre, and the ability for a gamer to not only hone in on fast processing and decision skills to support a pleasurable outcome, but it also affects their motor skills. Which is what brought Doug Han to say that, Depending on the type ofShow MoreRelatedDo Violent Video Games Cause People?926 Words   |  4 PagesDo violent video games cause people to act out violently? Some people argue that video games have nothing to do with real life actions of people. 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The Impact of Sms free essay sample

IADIS International Conference Mobile Learning 2005 THE IMPACT OF SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE (SMS) LANGUAGE ON LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY OF LEARNERS AND THE SMS DICTIONARIES: A CHALLENGE FOR EDUCATORS AND LEXICOGRAPHERS Mampa Lorna Mphahlele Department of Applied Languages, Tshwane University of Technology, Soshanguve Campus, Pretoria Kwena Mashamaite Sesotho sa Leboa Lexicography Unit, University of Limpopo, Polokwane ABSTRACT The language is achieving new colours and tones in the world in which we live. Technology has become the buzzword in communication circles. The requirements in language versatility, which are universally understood, are overcome by the new short message service (SMS) language that is emerging rapidly. The cellphones that are conveniently used for social communication and in business transactions are invaluably helpful but can equally be extremely detrimental to the learning and development process of learners of other languages especially foreign language learning. The short message service (SMS) language that is used by cellphone users and the advertising industry has also been discovered to be abundantly used by the learners in their written work. This discovery has prompted one to investigate the impact of this prevalent use, for it is believed that the SMS language is influencing the language proficiency of learners in a negative way. The purpose of this paper is to explicate how the SMS language affects the language proficiency of learners, and the role dictionaries can play in the improvement of learners’ language proficiency. KEYWORDS Language, Technology, Cellphone, Short Message Service (Sms), Sms Language, Language Proficiency, Communication, Dictionary, Lexicographers, Learners, Educators, Advertising, Metalexicography 1. INTRODUCTION Technology plays a very important role in communication today. The cellphone is one of the most effective, convenient and widely used technological instruments used for communication globally. It uses a communication facility known as the short message service (SMS) which is relatively cheaper both in terms of time and money spent during the process of communication. One uses fewer and shorter words compared to direct communication over the cellphone. Notwithstanding the myriad benefits provided by the SMS in enhancing communication and improving global business generally, the SMS has been found to be of detrimental effect on the language proficiency of learners. Learners use it as if it is an officially accepted and standard language. They mix it with the standard language they learn at school, especially the English language and consequently commit numerous errors ranging from incorrect spelling to ungrammatical sentence constructions. The aim of this paper is firstly, to show how the SMS influences the learners’ English language proficiency. Secondly, to highlight the challenge the SMS language is posing to both educators in their 161 ISBN: 972-8939-02-7  © 2005 IADIS endeavour to help learners master the English language, and the lexicographers, of the need to develop an SMS dictionary. Evidence of the influence of the SMS language on learners’ language proficiency especially in English is realised in the learners’ official written work such as tests, assignments and reports. The use of this SMS language affects the learners’ performance since it does not observe grammatical and syntactic rules of a standard English language. It is neither an official nor a standard language. An example from a test script of a tertiary learner registered for a module in Communication reads: †if we do get the money how shud it be used? † The learner used ‘SHUD’ instead of ‘SHOULD’. The pronunciation of these two words is the same, and it is advantageous to use the first spelling from an SMS message, because it saves space and time. It is even simpler to write because it is spelled like it is spoken. This simplified spelling would also affect words like ‘WOULD and COULD’. Nevertheless, the simplified spelling is not acceptable according to the English grammar rules. Ultimately the learner becomes a victim of the SMS language in the hands of the educators as he is punished for wrong spelling. 2. SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE (SMS) The Short Message Service (SMS) is a service that a cellphone service provider provides to his clients for ease of communication. Cellphone users can communicate with one another using symbols and or abbreviated form of words and sentences to save space, time and money. The following table resembles the SMS dictionary that Vodacom provides to its clients when one purchases a cellphone. Table 1. Vodacom SMS dictionary WORDS IN FULL As far as I remember Love Thanks Today Before Have a nice day see you SWYP At Tears in my eyes Sealed with a kiss Keep it simple, stupid Such a laugh At a moment Parents are watching Random act of kindness Please reply Second You’re on your own As soon as possible Hugs and kisses ABBREVIATIONS OR SMS LANGUAGE AFAIR LUV THNX 2day B4 HAND CU So what’s your problem? TIME SWAK KISS SAL ATM PAW RAK RSVP SEC YOYO ASAP HAK Some of the above SMS words are semantically confusing because of their dual meanings, that is, they have both the conventional meaning and the SMS meaning. This situation arises where the SMS word has the same spelling as that of the English or the Afrikaans word. For example, (a) Hand (English) – part of your body at the end of your arms (Collins Cobuild English Dictionary) (b) Hand (SMS ) – have a nice day (c) ATM (English) automated teller machine 162 IADIS International Conference Mobile Learning 2005 d) (e) (f) (g) (h) ATM (SMS) – at the moment Swak (Afrikaans) – weakness, weak (Pharos Bilingual Dictionary) Swak (SMS) – sealed with a kiss Rak (Afrikaans) – rack, shelf (Pharos Bilingual Dictionary) Rak (SMS) – random act of kindness More English and Afrikaans examples appear in the tables below. Some words like the SMS word ‘AFAIR’ meaning â€Å"as far as I remember† do not have the same spelling as the English word but may be mistaken for the misspelled English word ‘AFFAIR’ which means â€Å"an event or situation; a sexual relationship† thereby creating confusion of meaning. There are abbreviations from the SMS glossary which are acceptable English words and Afrikaans words, which are explained differently from the SMS glossary in the above Table. Such words can also confuse the learners. The actual meanings are as follows: English: The meanings will be provided from Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. [2002] Table 2. English meanings of the SMS words HAND TIME KISS ATM PAW YOYO -SMS: Have a nice day. the part of your body at the end of each arm that you use for picking up and holding things help -SMS: Tears in my eyes quality clock measures period -SMS: Keep it simple, stupid to touch someone with your lips because you love them or have sexual feeling for them SMS: At a moment automated teller machine Parents are watching the foot of some animals such as a cats, dogs, and bears informal ‘a person’s hand’ -SMS: You’re on your own a toy consisting of a round plastic or wooden object on the end of a str ing that you can make rise and fall by tying the string to your finger and moving your hand up and down Afrikaans English equivalents will be provided from Bosman et. al. (2003) Bilingual Dictionary. Table 3. Afrikaans – English equivalents from Bosman et. al. (2003) Bilingual dictionary HAK SWAK SAL RAK SMS: Hugs and kisses heel SMS: Sealed with a kiss weakness, weak SMS: Such a laugh shall SMS: Random act of kindness shelf rack Every cloud has a silver lining. The following are the abbreviations which are not tempered with. 163 ISBN: 972-8939-02-7  © 2005 IADIS Table 4. Abbreviations not tempered with. RSVP SEC ASAP ESP SMS: Please reply please reply -SMS: Second second SMS: As soon as possible as soon as possible SMS: Especially Especially Likewise, the frequently used SMS word â€Å"LUV† for â€Å"Love† which appears many times on the television screens especially during â€Å"phone-in† and â€Å"send your SMS† programmes confuses learners to the extent that they may believe that both spellings are correct. This kind of language ther efore hampers learners’ language proficiency, in particular, grammatical and spelling skills especially in English. For example, the following quotation was recorded from the programme ‘PLAY TV’ on SABC3 on Monday, 12 July 2003, at 15:30, in which viewers were asked to phone-in or SMS a greetings message for a prize. The SMS messages appeared on TV as supplementary information. The message read: â€Å"we luv u 2† The learners love watching the TV. They take the language used in the media as acceptable, official and standard especially that this language is being watched and used nationally, and in some cases internationally. Besides appearing on our national television screens, the SMS language is also used abundantly on cards and artifacts that are used as memorabilia for the celebration of popular days marking social events such as Mother’s Day, Father’s Day and Valentine’s Day. One such message reads: I LOVE MY MOM. The word ‘love’ is replaced with a symbol of a red heart. The SMS language has an influence even on the academics in the sense that they also use it when they write official documents such as circulars and memoranda. They regard it as easy and convenient to use as it saves time, space and it is less expensive to implement. The sad part of this practice is that learners read those circulars and believe that the language used is acceptable because it is also used by the educators. An example of such circulars from one tertiary institution reads: To: All lecturers From: HOD-Applied Languages Date: 13 October 2003 REMINDER SPEECH AND POSTER ELIMINATIONS WHEN? 5 OCTOBER 2003 TIME? 9:15-11:00 WHERE? LF119 C U THERE! __________________ MH DOLO (HOD) Educators should lead by example. How would an educator convince a learner that it is wrong to write c u there in a formal school context when such language is used by the head of a department of applied languages who is supposed to be the expert in the field? 164 IADIS International Conference Mobile Learning 2005 3. ADVERTISING Erasmus-Kritzinger et. al. 2000:103) define â€Å"advertising† as: a controlled, non-personal outward communication regardi ng a need-satisfying product, service or idea which an identifiable sponsor addresses to a specific target audience or target market for the purpose of informing and/or reminding it and/or persuading it to take the appropriate action. † SMS language is also affecting the language of advertising. In advertising, short sentences are preferred as they tend to be most appealing and they save space and money. Dr Peter J D’Adamo and Catherine Whitney market their book in this manner: the individualised diet solution to staying healthy, living longer and achieving your ideal weight EAT RIGHT 4 YOUR TYPE Theo and Cutter (1971:16) affirm the notion that the SMS language is appealing and evocative to the reader in this manner: Small words are gay. And they can catch large thoughts and hold them up to see, like rare stone in rings of gold, or joy in the eyes of a child. Some make you feel, as well as see: the cold deep dark of night, the hot salt sting of tears. Indeed, some authors use the SMS language to create book titles that would appeal to and draw the attention of readers. One such title of a book about HIV/AIDS written by Conlon et. al. (2004) reads: How 2 b Aids Aware It would be difficult for a person who is not conversant with the SMS language to read the above title of the book. The SMS language is therefore not sympathetic to the learning process of young and even adult learners of English as a second language since it does not observe grammatical and syntactic rules of English language usage. . LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY Language researchers acknowledge that there is no consensus yet on the definition of language proficiency (Vecchio and Guerrero, 1995; Cummins, 1984; Oller and Damico, 1991). Cummins (1984) further states that some researchers indicate that language proficiency consist of 64 language components whereas Oller and Damico (1991) contend that â€Å"the nature and specification of the elements of language proficiency hav e not been determined† yet. Valdes and Figueroa (1994) as quoted by Vecchio and Guerrero (1995) explain language proficiency in this manner: †¦what it means to know a language goes beyond simplistic views of good pronunciation, â€Å"correct† grammar, and even mastery of rules of politeness. Knowing a language and knowing how to use a language involves mastery and control of a large number of interdependent components and elements that interact with one another and that are affected by the nature of the situation in which communication takes place. (p. 4) The above dilemma on the exact language proficiency definition notwithstanding, most language researchers including the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO) (1992) agree that language 165 ISBN: 972-8939-02-7  © 2005 IADIS proficiency could be assessed in at least four modalities or language skills, namely, reading, listening, writing and speaking. CCSSO elaborates further on these modalities in this manner: 1. 2. 3. 4. Reading – the ability to comprehend and interpret text at the age and grade-appropriate level. Listening – the ability to understand the language of the teacher and instruction, comprehend and extract information, and follow the instructional discourse through which teachers provide information. Writing – the ability to produce written text with content and format fulfilling classroom assignments at the age and grade-appropriate level. Speaking – the ability to use oral language appropriately and effectively in learning activities (such as peer tutoring, collaborative learning activities, and question/answer sessions) within the classroom and in social interactions within the school. (1992, p 7) Language proficiency therefore entails the ability to listen, speak, read and write with comprehension observing grammatical, syntactical as well as semantic rules governing that language. These basic language skills cannot all be learnt effectively and efficiently when using the SMS language. For example if a learner encounters a problem of understanding the meaning of an SMS word which appears in an SMS text and the language of advertising, he will not find the meaning of the word anywhere as this language is not documented in general standard dictionaries of English language which are supposed to be sources of help. It is however acknowledged that some cellphone service providers like Vodacom have limited SMS glossaries available to their clients although not all cellphone users have access to those glossaries. 4. 1 Indicators of Language Proficiency Indicators of language proficiency are as many and varied as definitions of language proficiency are. Nonetheless, many language researchers would agree on the following indicators since they interface with the four basic modalities of language proficiency mentioned in the preceding paragraph: Skills to express oneself eloquently through writing and speaking. Skills to listen and read with comprehension. Skills and ability to use words appropriately in context. Ability to communicate in highly predictable common daily situations with previously learnt words. Ability to combine learnt elements of language creatively. Ability to initiate, sustain and close basic communication tasks. Ability to ask and answer questions in discrete sentences and strings of sentences on topics. Ability to converse fluently and in a clearly participative fashion. Ability to participate effectively in both formal and informal conversations, practical, social, professional and abstract topics. 5. How the SMS Language affects Language Proficiency of Learners Mostly, the SMS language affects two aspects of language proficiency stated above, namely, skills to express oneself eloquently through writing and skills and ability to use words appropriately in context. Learners have a tendency of using SMS language as if it were a standard language when they write tests, assignments and reports. They are therefore unable to differentiate the context and situation appropriate for the use of the SMS language. Here follow some examples from the scripts of learners registered for a Communication course at a tertiary institution: Script 1. Checkers wants 2 domestic workers for Saturdays and Sundays, those people must have two years experience†. Script 2. â€Å"if we get the money how shud it be used? 166 IADIS International Conference Mobile Learning 2005 Script 3. –Choosing a present for a frein can be dificult† â€Å"- Finaly, once you have bought the gift, you can a sk the Shop assistant to wrap it for you†. Script 4. â€Å"u must be at a high level of education, so that u know what to say. † In all the above examples, the learners have failed to determine the context, which is the school, that the SMS language cannot be used in a formal context as if it was a standard language. Another problem arising from the use of the SMS language is that learners do not only mix words and numbers like writing 2 instead of two but they also learn wrong spelling of words. For them shud, difficult, finaly and u are correct since they see and read these words everyday on their cellphones, television, billboards, books, newspapers and circulars from their teachers. 6. DICTIONARY USAGE Webster’s Third International Dictionary defines the word ‘dictionary’ in this manner: It is a reference book containing words which are lphabetically arranged along with information about their forms, pronunciations, functions, etymologies, meanings and syntactical and idiomatic uses. (1986:627). Dictionaries are used for different reasons and purposes. Supporting this view, Hartmann (1989) mentions that a study conducted in America by Barnhart (1962) in an attempt to determine the relative importance of various information categories in American desk dictionaries, came up with the following rank-scale indicating in order of importance the purpose for which American students used dictionaries for. The survey was regarded as probably the first large-scale user survey ever attempted. Barnhart distributed questionnaires to teachers at 99 colleges in 27 of the United States to gather data on how 56,000 students rated six types of information in ‘college dictionaries’ available at the time (circa 1955). The following rank-scale emerged: 1. Meaning, 2. Spelling, 3. Pronunciation, 4. Synonyms, 5. Usage notes, 6. Etymology. A dictionary as an authority and also an aid for foreign language learning should be able to unlock the problems learners experience when reading, writing, speaking and listening. Indeed, depending on the type and purpose of such dictionary, a good dictionary should be able to provide users with some of the above information. For example a dictionary for foreign language learning should be able to correct the spelling, syntactic structure, pronunciation and usage of words within a syntactic context. The general dictionary cannot help the SMS language user since the SMS language does not conform to the accepted spelling, grammatical and syntactic rules of the English language. For example, the word â€Å"before† is spelled â€Å"B4† in SMS language. English grammatical rules prescribe that a word should consist of consonants and vowels and not consonants and numerals. A linguistic dictionary is, above all, a means of ‘First Aid’ to fill the gaps that exist in our language competence as it constitutes a source for individual linguistic enrichment. Learners consult a dictionary with an aim of building up a vaster linguistic competence. Learners can improve their language proficiency by recognising the existence of dictionaries and using them effectively and efficiently. The absence of dictionaries of SMS language deprives learners and the general users of the SMS language, of the opportunity to look for meanings of words and to expand their SMS language vocabulary. 167 ISBN: 972-8939-02-7  © 2005 IADIS 7. THE SMS DICTIONARIES There are no SMS dictionaries yet, except for the glossary provided by some cellphone service providers such as Vodacom. A challenge for both educators and lexicographers is that SMS language is here to stay and we should deal with it. The question is HOW? Is it necessary to introduce SMS dictionaries and make them available to educators to help evaluate the learners’ competency in that language? Or should the educators use the available glossaries from Vodacom as authorities for language learning like any other dictionaries? A challenge to lexicographers is whether or not they should begin to record the SMS language in a form of dictionary. We should be mindful of the fact that one of the major tasks of lexicographers is to record language as it is used in everyday life. 8. CONCLUSION This paper has highlighted the impact of SMS language on the language proficiency of learners. The SMS language does not conform to grammatical or syntactic rules of the English language, nor does it conform to spelling rules. It has been indicated that the English language proficiency of the learners is negatively affected by learners’ exposure to the SMS language both through the print and the electronic media. Lexicographers record language as it is frequently used by the people and store it in the form of a corpus, and thereafter record it in dictionaries. This new paradigm is seen as a breakthrough in meta-lexicography from the traditional approach of describing what should be recorded in a dictionary. If lexicographers were to advance this position, they should be thinking of how the SMS language can interface with the spoken language since it is frequently used by the public in their daily conversations. Finally a challenge to lexicographers is whether they should begin to record this SMS language as it forms part of our daily language use and include it in their dictionaries or they should simply ignore it as an unofficial lingo. For educators, should they accept the SMS language as one of the languages that one can communicate with or should it be discouraged at all costs? REFERENCES Bosman, D. B; Van der Merwe, I. W. and Hiemstra, L. W. 2003. Pharos Bilingual Dictionary. Cape Town: Pharos Dictionaries. Conlon, J; Clarke, L; Deane, M. and Attwell, A. 2004. How 2 b Aids Aware. Cape Town: Tabeisa. Council of Chief State School Officers. 1992. Recommendations for Improving the Assessment and Monitoring of Students with Limited English Proficiency. Alexandria, VA: Council of Chief State Officers, Weber Design. Cummins, J. 1984. Wanted: A theoretical framework for relating language proficiency to academic achievement among bilingual students. In C. Rivera (Ed. ), Language proficiency and academic achievement. Avon, England: Multilingual Matters Ltd. D’ Adamo, P. J. and Whitney, C. 2001. Eat Right 4 Your Type. Parktown: Random House South Africa (Pty) Ltd. Erasmus-Kritzinger, L. E. ; Bowler, A. and Goliath, D. 2000. Effective Communication. Pretoria: Afritech publishers. Hartmann, R. K. K. 1989. Sociology of the Dictionary User: Hypotheses and Empirical Studies. In Hausmann, F. J. et. al. (eds. ). 1989-1991. Dictionaries: 102-111. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. 2002. Oxford: Macmillan Education. Oller, J. W. and Damico, J. S. 1991. Theoretical considerations in the assessment of LEP students. In E. Hamayan J. S. Damico (Eds. ), Limiting bias in the assessment of bilingual students. Austin: Pro-ed publications. Sinclair, J. 1995. Collins Coubuild English Dictionary. London: HarperCollins Publishers. Theo, E. G. and Cutter, M. A. 1971. Why can’t the English: An analogy of admirable and execrable English. Basterville: Hugh Keartland (Pty) Ltd. Valdes, G. and Figueroa, R. 1994. Bilingualism and testing A special case of bias. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation. Vecchio, A. D. and Guerrero, M. 1995. Handbook of Language Proficiency Tests. New Mexico: New Mexico Highlands University. Vodacom SMS Dictionary. Vodacom. Webster’s Third International Dictionary. 1986. Chicago: Meriam-Webster Inc. 168

Internet Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Internet Persuasive Essay The internet was created for the cold war, in the event that the U.S. were attacked, there would be no communication among the nations leaders, because traditional communication would be disrupted by a nuclear blast. Since that time, the internet survived only though commercialization, the original form of the internet was scrapped when the cold war ended. Now, with this medium in the hands of anyone who wants to pay for service, the Internet has exploded with controversial materials that some people think should be censored. When I started this project, I asked the question should the Internet be regulated and if so, how and why? First we’ll look at why the Internet needs regulation, Then how would our government go about doing so? There are several issues that are controversial with the internet. There is pornography, racism, and hate material floating around out there that is accessiable to children all too easily. For the purposes of this paper, I will only discuss the por nography issue, since talking about all of the censorship issues would take more than a short research paper to discuss. In early 1995, a research team at the Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania released one of the most revealing studies into online pornography. The value of study titled â€Å"marketing Pornography on the information superhighway† is realized mainly due to its massive sample size. There are several issues about pornography on the internet that were highlighted by the study. The research team surveyed 917,410 â€Å"sexually explicit pictures, descriptions, short stories and film clips†. Of special intrest were usenet newsgroups, which are basically electronic forums. It was found that 83.5 percent of the digitized images stored on these newsgroups were pornographic pictures. This finding indicates that there clearly is a substantial amout of pornography on the net. However, this doesn’t answer the question, how easy is it to fi nd? In the same study, The student used a search engine called â€Å"Altavista†, typed in the keyword â€Å"sex†, and 616,156 matches were returned. Of the first 20 only 2 links were pornographic sites. Next, on the same search engine, the keyword â€Å"tits† was typed in and 69,920 links were returned. Of the first 20 of these links 17 were to pornographic sites. After looking into one of the sites listed, it was clear that is was used for exchanging child porn. This shows that it is likely that a minor would come across these sites because of their juvinile desire to look up dirty words. Just like an elementary school kid would look up â€Å"cuss† words in the dictionary. Porn is no longer just â€Å"Playboy† like photos. We have enterd an age where there is a high demand for â€Å"pedophilia† (nude photos of children), â€Å"hebephilia† (youths) and what’s called â€Å"paraphilia† (a grab bag of deviant material that includes images of bondage sadomasochism, urination, defication and sex act with barn yard animals). People who are against censorship of the internet often argue that it would make no difference because obscene material is avalible outside of the internet , even to children. On the internet, childer can be exposed to material even the most adventuresome kid would never get into with out it. That argument is no valid anymore. Bibliography:

The god stealer free essay sample

The main characters in The God Stealer are Philip Latak and Sam Cristie. Philip, also known as Ip-pig, is an Ifugao who became a Christian and lived in Manila. By becoming a city dweller, Philip became less sentimental with his cultural identity, beliefs, and customs. His name was derived from the word Philippines. On the other hand, Sam Christie was an American who wanted to view the rice terraces of the Mountain Province (also known as the Cordilleras). He was also interested in purchasing an original figurine of an Ifugao god. His name was derived from Uncle Sam, a representation of the United States. Philip and Sam were co-workers. Summary Philip and Sam went to Baguio City. During a feast honoring Philip for his return, Philip and Sam were because of the unwillingness of the Ifugao people to sell any Ifugao statue. Philip plans to steal his grandfathers god in return for the salary raise given to him by Sam. We will write a custom essay sample on The god stealer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After finding out that his god was missing, Philips grandfather dies. Because of his grandfathers death, Philip decides not to return to Manila with Sam as a form of repentance. Philip transforms himself back into an Ifugao attired in traditional clothing who was in the process of replacing the old Ifugao idol by chiseling a new one. Interpretation Philips act of thievery represented the Filipinos giving up of their past tribal origins and traditions, only to be replaced by an unnatural culture brought by colonialism. At one time in history, colonialism brought to the Filipinos a state of confusion, troubled emotions, helplessness, torment, embarrassment and the inability to embrace the past.

Persuasive Essay Topics for University Admissions

Persuasive Essay Topics for University AdmissionsPersuasive essay topics for University admission are often quite difficult to write and learn. Many students struggle with selecting the right topics to go into their essay, often finding that they have a bad time on a particularly difficult topic.When writing university essays, it is important to remember that the subject of your essays should be thought about carefully thought about. The subject of your essay should be a high priority, and that you will discuss this in great detail throughout the essay. The last thing you want to do is to write an essay that is completely about one aspect of your life or career, but which could also be interpreted as directly addressing the subject of the essay.In order to make the most of your essay in the college admissions process, it is extremely important to think about the subject of your essay carefully. This means that the first thing you need to do when you sit down to write your essay is to sit down and write out the details of the area in which you would like to research in depth, either personally or through research.When it comes to university admissions essays, a personal focus on your topic makes you much more likely to come up with a strong topic that will help to determine if you are accepted or not. If you plan to research on the topic you are planning to write about, it is very likely that you will find exactly what you are looking for.While it is true that most people do not plan ahead well enough in advance to come up with their own ideas for college admissions essays, many find that writing from their own experiences is much easier than thinking of things that they have seen and experienced as part of their job. For example, if you enjoy reading, then you might consider researching how people study and how you study and read.Another tip for writing a good and appealing topic that will help you get accepted for universityis to talk to those who have gone be fore you. Most good college admissions essays will contain a little bit of talking points or observations made by the student themselves, but this can often be left out when writing the essay, making the overall essay suffer.Writing from personal experience can help you convince admissions committees that you really know what you are talking about, and this is often what proves to be your downfall in past essays. The best way to get the best out of your writing is to talk to someone about your topic and hear their opinions about it.In conclusion, the subject of your college admissions essay is one of the most important parts of your essay. In order to make the most of the topics that you choose to write about, you will need to thoroughly research the topic and be ready to talk about it.